Day on Torts

April 6, 2026

Unintentional victims of gunfire barred from GTLA claim by civil rights exception.

Where plaintiffs, who were mother and daughter, were injured by gunfire by police, but the police were aiming the gunfire at the father, the plaintiffs’ GTLA claims were rightly dismissed because the claims involved civil rights, and governmental immunity was therefore not removed.

In Guirguis v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, No. M2024-01310-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 5, 2025), the police were called to plaintiffs’ residence. When they arrived, a mother and father were engaged in a struggle on the front porch, and a minor child was also present. The police saw that the father had a gun. After being told to drop the gun, the father aimed the gun at the police, and the police opened fire. Both the mother and child were injured by the gunfire.

The plaintiffs (mother and child) filed this complaint against the city alleging that the officers “committed negligence in firing their weapons” despite the close proximity of the plaintiffs to the father, and that the police had negligently violated police training and policy. After the case languished for six years, the city filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that the claims sounded in civil rights and that the city’s immunity was not removed under the GTLA. The trial court agreed that the “civil rights exception to the GTLA removal of immunity was applicable” and dismissed the case. The Court of Appeals affirmed this dismissal.

April 5, 2026

Minor beneficiaries not required to be named on HCLA pre-suit notice for wrongful death suit.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

The decedent’s mother, who was the guardian of the decedent’s two minor children, was the proper person to be listed on the HCLA pre-suit notice as the “claimant authorizing the notice.”

In Denson v. Methodist Medical Center of Oak Ridge, No. E2023-00027-SC-R11-CV (Tenn. Oct. 13, 2025), decedent died of cardiac arrest shortly after being discharged from defendant hospital. Decedent had two minor children who were then placed with their maternal grandmother (decedent’s mother), and the grandmother was named the temporary custodian of the children.

The grandmother sent pre-suit notice of an HCLA claim to defendants, which listed the grandmother as the claimant. The pre-suit notice did not mention the minor children. The grandmother then filed this HCLA suit as “Decedent’ mother and next friend and individually,” and in the complaint, she alleged for the first time that she was bringing the suit “on behalf of…decedent’s surviving minor children…as Grandmother and Legal Guardian.” Eventually the grandmother’s individual claims were dropped, and she pursued the case only on behalf of the minor children.

April 2, 2026

Residential dog bite plaintiff had insufficient evidence to survive summary judgment.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where the plaintiffs had no evidence to refute the defendant dog owner’s sworn statement that they had no way to know of their dog’s dangerous propensities, summary judgment for the defendants was affirmed.

In A.M. by Amanda M. v. Masek, No. W2024-01412-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2025), the plaintiffs visited the defendants’ home to celebrate Christmas. The plaintiffs’ minor son stayed the night, and the next morning he went into the defendants’ back yard with the defendants’ dogs. The defendants had not left the child alone with the dogs before and intended to join him in the yard soon. Within three minutes, one of the dogs attacked the boy.

The plaintiffs filed this suit, and the defendants moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted summary judgment based on the filings of the parties, finding that the plaintiffs did not prove an essential element of their claim. The Court of Appeals affirmed.

April 2, 2026

Day on Torts 4th Edition Now Available! Special Pricing Available Only This Month

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

I have been working on the Fourth Edition of Day on Torts: Leading Cases in Tennessee Tort Law for several years.

It has been a massive undertaking. First published in 2008, the new book has two volumes totaling over 1300 pages. It summarizes the leading case on 579 different tort law topics and cites thousands of other cases.

Here is a listing of the overall topics covered in this book, each of which is broken down further into subtopics.

Abuse of Process ∙ Alienation of Affections ∙ Amusement Parks ∙ Animal Control Officer’s Rule ∙ Animals Other Than Bovines, Dogs, and Horses ∙ Assault and Battery ∙ Assumption of Risk ∙ Attorney’s Fees ∙ Attorney’s Lien ∙ Bad Faith Failure of Insurer to Pay First Party Claim (Statutory Cause of Action) ∙ Bad Faith Failure to Settle Tort Claim (Common Law Claim) ∙ Bovine Activities ∙ Breach of Promise to Marry ∙ Causation ∙ Charitable Immunity ∙ Contractual Choice of Law Provisions ∙ Comparative Fault – Generally ∙ Comparative Fault – Allocation and Applicability ∙ Confidential Relationship ∙ Conflict of Laws in Tort Cases ∙ Contribution ∙ Conspiracy ∙ Constructive Fraud ∙ Conversion∙ Criminal Conversation ∙ Damages – Generally ∙ Damages in Personal Injury Cases ∙ Damages to Property and Financial Interest ∙ Damages in Wrongful Death Cases ∙ Defamation ∙ Dog Bites and Dog Attacks ∙ Duty ∙ Ecclesiastical Abstention Doctrine ∙ Exclusivity of Workers Compensation Law – Ability of Employees to Sue Employers in Tort ∙ Exculpatory Agreements (Also Known as Contractual Waivers of Liability)∙ Expert Witnesses ∙ False Imprisonment ∙ Family Purpose Doctrine ∙ Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) ∙ Forum Non Conveniens ∙ Forum Selection Clauses in Personal Injury and Death Cases ∙ Fraud∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – General Principles ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Damages ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Health Care Liability ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Limitation of Actions ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Motor Vehicle Cases (including road and bridge) ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Premises Liability ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Injuries to Inmates (other than those alleging premises liability) ∙ Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA) – Miscellaneous ∙ Gross Negligence ∙ Health Care Liability – Cases Which Define the Scope of Health Care Liability Law ∙ Health Care Liability Action – Issues Arising Under the Notice Provision of Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-121 ∙ Health Care Liability Action – Issues Arising Under Certification of Good Faith Provisions of Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-122 ∙ Health Care Liability – Battery and Informed Consent ∙ Health Care Liability – General Issues ∙ Health Care Liability – Expert Witness Issues ∙ Health Care Liability – Statute of Limitations ∙ Health Care Liability – Statute of Repose ∙ Health Care Providers – Asserted Claims / Liens on Recoveries ∙ Horses (Equine) – Actions Involving ∙ Imputed Negligence or Fault ∙ Indemnity Claims ∙ Independent Contractor ∙ Intentional and/or Reckless Infliction of Emotional Distress (formerly known as Outrageous Conduct) ∙ Intentional Interference with Business Relationship ∙ Intentional Interference with Contractual Relationships ∙ Interference With and Mishandling Human Remain ∙ Intrusion on Seclusion ∙ Invasion of Privacy ∙ Jurisdiction in Tort Cases ∙ Last Clear Chance Rule ∙ Legal Malpractice ∙ Limitation of Actions (Statutes of Limitation) and Certain Statutes of Repose ∙ Liquor Liability ∙ Loss of Chance ∙ Loss of Consortium (Personal Injury Cases) ∙ Malicious Harassment ∙ Malicious Prosecution ∙ Minor, Right of Parent to Bring Claim ∙ Misrepresentation by Concealment ∙ Motor Vehicle Cases – Generally ∙ Motor Vehicle Cases – Insurance-Related Issues ∙ Negligent or Intentional Acts by a Child ∙ Negligence Per Se ∙ Negligence Arising During Bailment ∙ Negligent Entrustment ∙ Negligent Hiring, Supervision and Retention ∙ Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (“NIED”) ∙ Negligent Misrepresentation ∙ Nuisance ∙ Parent – Child Immunity ∙ Personal Property ∙ Physician – Patient Confidentiality ∙ Physical or Mental Disability, Impact in Tort Cases ∙ Policeman and Fireman’s Rule ∙ Preemption ∙ Premises Liability ∙ Products Liability ∙ Punitive Damages ∙ Rescue Doctrine ∙ Res Ipsa Loquitor in Non-HCLA (Medical Negligence) Case ∙ Savings Statute ∙ Settlement ∙ Spoliation of Evidence ∙ Spousal Immunity ∙ State of Tennessee, Tort Claims Against the State (Actions Before the Tennessee Claims Commission) ∙ Strict Liability for Ultra-Hazardous Activities ∙ Subrogation ∙ Subsequent Medical Negligence, Liability of Original Tortfeasor ∙ Suicide, Cases Involving ∙ Tennessee Public Participation Act (TPPA) ∙ Tort of Another – Recoverability of Fees ∙ Trespass ∙ Trespass to Chattels ∙ Unavoidable Accident ∙ Unfair Competition ∙ Vicarious Liability ∙ Wrongful Death ∙ Wrongful Pregnancy

The book is normally priced at $415, which includes shipping and handling but does not include sales tax. Through the end of April, 2026, the book is available for $315, plus sales tax (no S&H).

Order on Amazon.

April 1, 2026

Knowledge of dog’s dangerous propensity did not require previous bite.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where a dog had previously growled at a stranger and the owner had stated the dog did not know how to be around other people, there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the defendant owner knew about the dog’s dangerous propensities before it bit the plaintiff.

In Munoz v. Sepulveda, No. M2024-01002-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 9, 2025), the plaintiff visited the defendant’s property to purchase a lamb. When the plaintiff arrived, she saw two dogs in a fenced enclosure. She approached the enclosure to look at the dogs, and one of the dogs bit her.

The plaintiff filed this action against the defendant, and the defendant moved for summary judgment, pointing to his testimony that the dog had never bitten anyone before. The trial court granted summary judgment, but the Court of Appeals reversed, finding that the plaintiff had shown a genuine issue of material fact.

April 1, 2026

HCLA pre-suit notice must be sent to correct address.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where an HCLA (medical malpractice) plaintiff sent pre-suit notice to an address that was neither the defendant doctor’s business address nor the place where the plaintiff received treatment, dismissal based on the failure to comply with the pre-suit notice requirements was affirmed.

In Springfield v. Eton, No. W2024-01024-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 3, 2025), the plaintiff filed suit against the defendants based on a failed surgical artery graft which eventually necessitated the amputation of her right leg. Defendant Dr. Eton was the surgeon, who at the time had been placed with UT Regional One Physicians (“UTROP”) through a placement company. Dr. Eton was from Chicago, but he was working with UTROP in Memphis at the time.

The plaintiff sent pre-suit notice to both Dr. Eton and UTROP, with the claim against UTROP based solely on vicarious liability. At the time, Dr. Eton’s address on the Tennessee Department of Health’s website only listed “Chicago, IL 60614.” The plaintiff sent Dr. Eton’s pre-suit notice to the address in Memphis “for an ambulatory outpatient surgery center owned by Regional One.” This was not the address at which the plaintiff had received treatment.

March 31, 2026

Plaintiff not required to present proof in GTLA case of facts admitted by defendant.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where the defendant governmental entity admitted in its answer that it owned the vehicle involved in the accident, and that the driver involved was its employee and was “acting within the course and scope of his employment” at the time of the accident, the plaintiff did not have to offer evidence on this issue.

In Butcher v. Shelby County Board of Education, No. W2024-01202-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 10, 2025), the plaintiff was injured in a car accident where the other driver was 100% at fault. The other vehicle was owned by the defendant board of education. In its answer, the defendant admitted that it owned the vehicle, that the driver was its employee, and that the driver was acting within the course and scope of his employment.

At the close of the trial, the defendant moved for involuntary dismissal on the basis that the plaintiffs “failed to prove that [the driver] was an employee” of the defendant, which was a prerequisite to removing immunity under the GTLA. The trial court denied the motion and entered a verdict for the plaintiff, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.

March 30, 2026

Statute of limitations not tolled until plaintiff knew extent of her injuries.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where the plaintiff fell when exiting a bus, and she stated at the time of the fall that the driver had not properly lowered the ramp and that her lower extremities might be injured, the statute of limitations began to run on the date of the fall.

In Jordan v. East Tennessee Human Resources Agency, Inc., No. E2025-00445-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2025), the plaintiff, who used a wheelchair, frequently used the defendant’s transportation services. On July 13, 2023, the plaintiff was exiting a van in her wheelchair when she fell forward onto her face. The wheelchair allegedly fell onto her legs. Video of the incident captured the plaintiff and a bystander stating that the ramp was not lowered properly, and plaintiff saying that she might have hurt her lower extremities but was not certain due to her paralysis. Later in July, the plaintiff visited the doctor and discovered that she had been injured in the fall.

On July 16, 2024, the plaintiff filed this negligence suit under the GTLA. The defendant moved for summary judgment pursuant to the one-year statute of limitations, which the trial court granted and the Court of Appeals affirmed.

March 27, 2026

Failure of Plaintiff to Address all Issues on Appeal Dooms Case

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where the trial court granted summary judgment to the defendant in a car accident case based on the plaintiff’s lack of sufficient evidence as to breach of duty and causation, and the plaintiff’s appellate brief failed to mention duty at all, summary judgment was affirmed.

In Metcalf v. Woodard, No. W2024-01321-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2025), the plaintiff was injured in a motor vehicle collision with a UPS tractor trailer. The plaintiff filed a suit asserting several claims, although she eventually voluntarily dismissed all claims except general negligence. The trial court issued a scheduling order, and the plaintiff failed to disclose any expert witnesses by the relevant deadline. The plaintiff identified expert witnesses eleven months after the deadline, after which the defendants moved for summary judgment. The trial court held a hearing and granted summary judgment to the defendants, ruling that the plaintiff had presented insufficient evidence to establish the elements of breach of duty or causation.

The plaintiff appealed the grant of summary judgment, but in her statement of issues, she focused solely on the exclusion of her causation experts. The plaintiff’s appellate brief “fail[ed] to make any reference to ‘breach’ or ‘duty.’” By failing to make any argument that she established the essential element of breach of duty, the plaintiff waived that argument on appeal. Because summary judgment was granted on two bases, including the failure to show breach of duty, summary judgment was affirmed due to the plaintiff’s failure to address that issue on appeal.

March 26, 2026

Nursing facility required to authenticate arbitration agreement.

by The Law Offices of John Day, P.C.

Where a nursing facility could not authenticate the decedent’s signature on an arbitration agreement, denial of the facility’s motion to compel arbitration was affirmed.

In Niter-Martin v. Methodist Healthcare-Memphis Hospitals d/b/a Methodist University Hospital, No. W2024-01193-COA-R3-CV (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 4, 2026), the plaintiff filed claims for negligent care and wrongful death against defendant nursing facility related to the facility’s care of the plaintiff’s mother, who passed away six days after the complaint was filed. The defendant facility filed a motion to compel arbitration, and it attached an arbitration agreement allegedly signed by the decedent to the motion.

In response to the motion to compel arbitration, the plaintiff argued that the facility could not authenticate the arbitration agreement. The trial court agreed and denied the motion, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.